1. Introduction

• In an increasingly interconnected and fast-paced global landscape, the concept of a 24-hour economy has emerged as a pivotal strategy for enhancing economic resilience and competitiveness. A 24-hour economy operates continuously, ensuring that economic activities—ranging from manufacturing and services to tourism and logistics—are active around the clock. This model not only caters to the demands of international markets but also fosters innovation, job creation, and sustained economic growth. Globally, the shift towards a 24-hour economy has been driven by advancements in technology, improved transportation and communication infrastructures, and the growing importance of service-oriented industries. According to the International Labour Organization (ILO), countries that have successfully implemented 24-hour economic models, such as the United States, Japan, and parts of the European Union, have seen significant boosts in productivity and economic output. For instance, the nighttime economy in the United Kingdom alone contributes approximately £22 billion annually and supports over 450,000 jobs (London Assembly, 2018).
• Transitioning to a 24-hour economy presents significant opportunities for nations with robust maritime sectors. The blue economy, which encompasses the sustainable use of ocean resources for economic growth, improved livelihoods, and ecosystem health, stands to benefit immensely from this shift. The global blue economy was valued at approximately $3 trillion in 2020 and is projected to grow to $7 trillion by 2030 (Global Ocean Commission, 2017). This growth is driven by sectors such as shipping, fisheries, offshore energy, and marine biotechnology. For Ghana, the potential of a 24-hour economy is particularly pertinent given its strategic location along the Gulf of Guinea, a key maritime corridor in West Africa. Ghana's blue economy contributes significantly to its Gross Domestic Product (GDP), estimated at around 6% in recent years (Ghana Ministry of Fisheries and Aquaculture Development, 2022).

Key sectors include commercial fishing, oil and gas exploration, shipping, and coastal tourism. The expansion of these sectors through a 24-hour operational framework could enhance Ghana's economic diversification, reduce unemployment, and increase foreign direct investment (FDI). For Ghana, with its 550 km coastline and strategic position along major international shipping routes, the blue economy already plays a vital role. Transitioning to a 24-hour economy could unlock untapped potential, creating jobs, increasing trade, and boosting maritime-related industries. In this article, we will explore how embracing a 24-hour economy can impact Ghana’s blue economy, outline the current state of the blue economy in the country, identify opportunities and challenges, and provide recommendations for successful implementation.

• The Current State of Ghana’s Blue Economy
• Ghana's blue economy is a critical pillar of its national economic framework, contributing significantly to GDP, employment, and international trade. The blue economy refers to all economic activities tied to oceans, seas, and coastal areas, including shipping, fishing, offshore oil and gas exploration, and coastal tourism. Globally, it is estimated that over 350 million jobs are directly linked to ocean industries, and the blue economy contributes about $1.5 trillion annually to the global economy (OECD, 2019). For emerging economies like Ghana, the blue economy holds immense potential to stimulate growth and drive sustainable development. As of 2022, the blue economy accounts for approximately 6% of Ghana's GDP, primarily driven by the shipping, fishing, and oil and gas industries according to recent reports from the Ghana Ministry of Fisheries and Aquaculture Development. Ghana's strategic location along the Gulf of Guinea places it at the heart of West Africa's maritime trade routes, making the shipping and logistics sector a major contributor to economic activity. Takoradi and Tema Ports, the two largest ports in Ghana, handled a combined total of over 22.2 million metric tonnes of cargo in 2021, a 9.6% increase from the previous year (GPHA, 2021). This underscores the growing importance of Ghana’s maritime infrastructure in supporting international trade and logistics.
• The fishing industry is another cornerstone of Ghana's blue economy. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the fisheries sector contributes over 3% to Ghana's GDP and provides livelihoods for approximately 2.7 million people (FAO, 2021). The country’s coastal fisheries are crucial for food security and employment, with fish consumption in Ghana estimated at 25 kg per capita—significantly above the African average of 10.5 kg per capita (World Bank, 2020). However, the sector faces challenges such as overfishing, climate change, and illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing activities, which hinder its full potential. The discovery of oil and gas in offshore fields, notably the Jubilee and TEN oil fields, has also spurred the blue economy's contribution to Ghana’s economic landscape. As of 2021, oil and gas production accounted for $4.8 billion in export earnings, representing 14% of total exports (Bank of Ghana, 2021). The expansion of the oil and gas industry, however, brings with it concerns regarding environmental sustainability and the potential negative impacts on marine biodiversity.
• The tourism sector along Ghana’s coastline is another burgeoning area of growth within the blue economy. Coastal tourism, which includes eco-tourism, water sports, and leisure activities, has been identified as a potential driver for foreign exchange and job creation. Pre-pandemic, the tourism industry contributed $3.3 billion to Ghana’s economy in 2019, with a significant portion attributed to coastal and marine-based activities (Ghana Tourism Authority, 2020). The sector is expected to rebound post-COVID-19, with coastal tourism playing a central role in attracting international visitors and boosting local economies. Despite these contributions, Ghana’s blue economy remains underutilized. Infrastructural bottlenecks, inadequate regulatory frameworks, and environmental degradation are some of the key factors holding back the full realization of its potential. As Ghana considers transitioning to a 24-hour economy, the blue economy, particularly sectors like shipping, logistics, and coastal tourism, stands to gain significantly. Expanding operational hours to a round-the-clock framework could increase productivity, improve trade efficiency, and create new avenues for employment.

1. Opportunities Presented by a 24-Hour Economy

The transition to a 24-hour economy presents numerous opportunities for Ghana’s blue economy and maritime sector, with the potential to significantly boost productivity, enhance trade activities, and create new jobs. By ensuring that key economic activities continue throughout the day and night, Ghana can position itself as a competitive player in the global maritime economy and maximize the use of its natural maritime resources. Here are some of the key opportunities that could arise from adopting a 24-hour economy:

• Increased Trade and Shipping Efficiency

Ghana's strategic location along the Gulf of Guinea positions it as a critical hub for maritime trade, linking Africa with Europe, the Americas, and beyond. The shipping industry stands to benefit significantly from the adoption of a 24-hour economy, particularly by extending operational hours at major ports like Tema and Takoradi. This would enable Ghana to reduce vessel turnaround times, increase cargo handling capacity, and improve overall port efficiency. These enhancements would help alleviate some of the operational inefficiencies that plague African ports, which cost the continent approximately $20 billion annually in trade losses due to congestion, delays, and suboptimal logistics (World Bank, 2019). By fully embracing a 24-hour operational framework, Ghana can prevent congestion, minimize backlogs of ships waiting to dock, and provide a more favourable environment for international shipping lines. This strategic shift could further increase port revenues while solidifying Ghana's position as a regional maritime hub. For instance, Dubai’s Jebel Ali Port, which operates round the clock, contributes approximately $3.5 billion annually to the UAE economy, thanks to its efficient operations and ability to attract global shipping traffic (DP World, 2020).

Currently, Tema Port is a leading hub for maritime trade in West Africa and a prime example of how Ghana's maritime infrastructure is gradually evolving toward greater efficiency. Meridian Port Services (MPS) Terminal 3 at Tema, operational since June 2019, was designed specifically for high-efficiency, 24-hour container handling. MPS has set numerous productivity records, achieving an impressive 139.91 moves per hour during transhipment operations, positioning Tema as one of the most efficient ports in West Africa. These operational improvements led to faster vessel turnaround times, reduced waiting periods at anchorages, and expanded berth availability, further cementing Ghana’s reputation in the maritime world. Expanding these operational gains through a deliberate 24-hour economy strategy would enable Tema Port to capitalize further on its strategic role as a transhipment hub, increasing throughput and reducing bottlenecks. The port handled millions of metric tonnes of cargo in recent years, with throughput increasing by 9.6% in 2021 . If 24-hour operations were expanded across all port-related services, Ghana could attract more international shipping lines and significantly boost revenues. Similar to Jebel Ali, Tema Port's continuous operations could enhance Ghana's maritime economy and ensure its pivotal role in West African trade corridors.

• Job Creation and Economic Diversification

A 24-hour economy has the potential to create thousands of jobs across various sectors of the blue economy. With extended working hours, there would be a greater demand for port workers, logistics personnel, customs officers, and other maritime-related professions. The International Transport Workers' Federation (ITF) estimates that for every direct job created in the port and shipping industry, four indirect jobs are created in related sectors such as logistics, warehousing, and transportation (ITF, 2021). This multiplier effect can help address the high unemployment rate in Ghana, particularly among youth. Additionally, the fisheries sector, which operates on seasonal cycles and specific time windows, could benefit from a 24-hour economy by optimizing fishing operations, processing, and distribution. By improving the cold storage and supply chain logistics, fishing activities can continue seamlessly, increasing the availability of fish products for both domestic consumption and export. This would not only enhance food security but also create more stable income streams for the 2.7 million Ghanaians dependent on the fishing industry (FAO, 2021).

• Growth in Coastal Tourism

Coastal tourism is another area poised to grow in a 24-hour economy. Ghana’s 580 km coastline is home to beautiful beaches, historical sites, and eco-tourism hotspots that attract both domestic and international tourists. By extending tourism-related activities beyond traditional working hours, there is an opportunity to increase tourist spending and develop nighttime economies around coastal areas. Countries like Thailand and Spain have successfully tapped into the potential of coastal tourism within their 24-hour economies. In Spain, for example, coastal tourism contributes over €19 billion annually, with much of this revenue generated during nighttime activities such as dining, entertainment, and marine sports (European Commission, 2020). For Ghana, developing coastal tourism through night markets, water sports, cultural festivals, and eco-tourism initiatives could attract more international visitors and promote regional tourism, contributing to economic diversification and job creation.

• Expanded Oil and Gas Exploration and Production

Ghana’s offshore oil and gas sector, which already operates under a 24-hour framework, could see even greater efficiency and output with improved infrastructure and support services. By aligning the entire supply chain with a 24-hour economy, activities such as drilling, maintenance, transportation, and refining can be optimized, ensuring uninterrupted production. The oil and gas industry contributed 14% of Ghana’s export earnings in 2021 (Bank of Ghana), and further investments in 24-hour operations could increase production capacity and export potential. By reducing downtime and increasing operational efficiency, Ghana could attract more international investment into its oil and gas sector, further contributing to economic growth.

• Enhanced Security and Monitoring

A 24-hour economy requires continuous monitoring and security in key sectors such as shipping and fisheries. With extended operations, there is an opportunity to improve maritime surveillance and reduce illegal activities, such as illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing, smuggling, and piracy, which currently cost the African continent an estimated $1.3 billion annually (African Union, 2021). By investing in advanced surveillance technologies, including satellite monitoring, drones, and automated tracking systems, Ghana can better protect its maritime resources and enforce regulations around the clock. This would not only enhance the sustainability of its fisheries but also ensure the safety of its shipping routes and offshore oil platforms.

3. Challenges and Considerations

While the shift to a 24-hour economy offers significant opportunities for Ghana's blue economy and maritime sector, several challenges must be addressed to ensure a smooth and sustainable transition. These challenges span infrastructural limitations, regulatory hurdles, environmental concerns, and human capital development.

• Infrastructural Limitations

For Ghana to fully benefit from a 24-hour economy, significant infrastructural improvements are required. While Tema Port and Meridian Port Services (MPS) have made considerable strides in improving efficiency through investments in modern infrastructure and container handling equipment, other parts of the port and related infrastructure are not yet equipped for round-the-clock operations. The second phase of the Tema Port Expansion Project added new gantry cranes and increased the port's capacity to handle larger vessels, yet the entire supply chain—including roads, rail networks, and inland storage facilities—must be upgraded to support increased traffic throughout the day and night. Without these upgrades, the risk of congestion remains high, and the full potential of 24-hour operations may not be realized. Moreover, smaller ports, such as Takoradi, lack the advanced technology and capacity to support continuous operations. To ensure the success of a 24-hour economy, these ports will need investments in automation, cargo handling technology, and expanded berthing capacity.

• Regulatory and Policy Barriers

One of the key considerations for the transition to a 24-hour economy is the need for regulatory alignment and reforms. Existing regulations around labour, maritime operations, customs, and environmental management are currently designed for conventional working hours. For example, labour laws in Ghana may need to be revised to accommodate nighttime shifts, while customs operations must be restructured to ensure 24-hour clearance and inspection processes. Another critical regulatory aspect is the coordination between different government agencies responsible for maritime trade, security, and environmental protection. Without streamlined regulatory processes, the benefits of continuous operations could be undermined by bureaucratic delays.

• Environmental and Sustainability Concerns

A 24-hour economy could place additional strain on Ghana’s coastal and marine ecosystems, particularly in the fishing and oil and gas sectors. The increased use of ports, shipping routes, and offshore facilities for extended hours may lead to higher levels of pollution, such as oil spills, waste disposal, and emissions from ships. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and other relevant bodies will need to establish stricter monitoring and enforcement protocols to mitigate these environmental risks. Moreover, the fishing industry, already facing the challenge of overfishing, could be further stressed by continuous operations, threatening the sustainability of fish stocks. Ghana must balance the need for economic growth with the principles of the blue economy, which emphasizes sustainability and the responsible use of marine resources.

• Human Capital and Workforce Readiness

Transitioning to a 24-hour economy requires a well-prepared workforce that can adapt to the demands of continuous operations. Currently, there is a shortage of skilled labour in the maritime sector, particularly for nighttime shifts. To address this, human capital development programs must be put in place to train workers in areas such as logistics, customs, port management, and environmental protection. Additionally, provisions must be made for the health and safety of workers in a 24-hour economy. Shift work, especially at night, is associated with various health risks, including fatigue and reduced productivity. Employers must ensure that workers receive adequate support, including appropriate rest periods and healthcare access.

• Energy and Power Supply Challenges

A continuous economy would place additional demand on Ghana’s energy grid, which is already under strain. Ports, factories, and other maritime-related infrastructure require a stable and reliable power supply to operate efficiently 24/7. Any disruptions in energy supply could lead to bottlenecks and inefficiencies, negating the benefits of a 24-hour economy. Investments in renewable energy sources, particularly offshore wind and solar power, could help address this issue while aligning with the sustainability goals of the blue economy.

4. Case Studies or Examples

To better understand the potential benefits and challenges of transitioning to a 24-hour economy, it is useful to explore successful examples from around the world. Countries that have embraced round-the-clock economic models, especially in the maritime and blue economy sectors, offer valuable lessons for Ghana as it seeks to harness the benefits of continuous operations.

• Dubai’s Jebel Ali Port, UAE

One of the most renowned examples of a port operating under a 24-hour economy model is Jebel Ali Port in Dubai, UAE. As one of the largest and most efficient ports in the world, Jebel Ali operates continuously, handling over 19 million TEUs (Twenty-Foot Equivalent Units) annually. The port’s 24-hour operations are a critical factor in its success, enabling it to attract global shipping lines and ensuring minimal delays in cargo handling. The port contributes an estimated $3.5 billion annually to the UAE’s economy, largely because of its round-the-clock operations, which have drastically reduced vessel turnaround times and increased throughput. Ghana’s Tema Port is on a similar trajectory with its Meridian Port Services (MPS) Terminal 3. MPS has demonstrated high efficiency, with productivity reaching 139.91 moves per hour, making it one of the most efficient container terminals in West Africa. Like Jebel Ali, Tema Port could significantly enhance its role as a regional transhipment hub by expanding 24-hour operations across all port-related services. Through streamlining operations and adopting modern technology, Ghana can replicate the efficiency and economic benefits seen in Dubai.

• Port of Singapore, Singapore

The Port of Singapore is another outstanding example of a maritime hub that operates 24 hours a day. Recognized as one of the busiest ports in the world, Singapore handles around 37.5 million TEUs annually and operates with uninterrupted services to maintain its position as a global shipping nexus. The success of Singapore’s 24-hour port model is driven by its cutting-edge technology, efficient customs clearance processes, and advanced logistics infrastructure. The port contributes approximately 7% to Singapore’s GDP, highlighting the economic impact of continuous port operations. Ghana can draw lessons from Singapore’s integrated approach to maritime trade, logistics, and technology. By investing in automation and adopting more efficient customs procedures, Ghana can reduce the inefficiencies that currently hinder many African ports. Additionally, the success of Singapore’s port emphasizes the importance of having strong regulatory frameworks and a skilled workforce to support continuous operations, both of which Ghana will need to develop further.

• Rotterdam Port, Netherlands

The Port of Rotterdam, the largest port in Europe, operates 24/7 and is another excellent case study for Ghana’s blue economy. Rotterdam is known for its advanced logistics, automated processes, and sustainability initiatives. The port handles over 470 million tonnes of cargo annually and serves as a critical gateway for trade between Europe and the rest of the world. Its 24-hour operations ensure that goods move efficiently, reducing congestion and maximizing throughput. Moreover, the Port of Rotterdam has invested heavily in sustainability, using automated systems to minimize its environmental impact. This focus on green technology, such as shore power and emission reduction systems, allows Rotterdam to remain competitive while aligning with global environmental standards. Ghana could follow suit by integrating sustainable practices into its maritime sector as it transitions to a 24-hour economy. Investing in green technologies such as offshore wind energy and electric cranes could help mitigate the environmental risks associated with continuous operations.

5. Conclusion and Recommendations

The adoption of a 24-hour economy presents a compelling opportunity for Ghana, particularly in the context of its blue economy and maritime sector. As we have seen from successful implementations in ports like Dubai’s Jebel Ali, Singapore, and Rotterdam, a 24-hour economy can be a game changer for boosting trade, enhancing productivity, and driving economic growth. In Ghana’s current economic landscape—where there is an urgent need to increase production, stabilize inflation, and address youth unemployment—the 24-hour economy could be a critical tool to help the country bounce back and reset the economy. Ghana’s blue economy is already a substantial contributor to its GDP, with key sectors such as shipping, fishing, and oil and gas showing significant potential for growth. By embracing round-the-clock operations, Ghana can ensure that these sectors operate at maximum efficiency, attract more foreign direct investment, and create thousands of new jobs, especially for the youth. However, transitioning to a 24-hour economy comes with challenges, including infrastructure upgrades, regulatory reforms, environmental concerns, and the need for workforce development. To ensure the success of this policy, the following recommendations should be considered:

1. Invest in Infrastructure and Technology

• Ghana needs to continue its investment in port infrastructure, particularly in automated systems and logistics technology. Expanding the capacity of Tema and Takoradi Ports, and upgrading road and rail connections, will be critical to support the increased activity that a 24-hour economy demands.
• The government should explore partnerships with private stakeholders to finance green technologies, such as shore power and electric cranes, to ensure that continuous operations do not come at the cost of environmental sustainability.

1. Revise Regulatory Frameworks

• Labour laws must be updated to accommodate nighttime shifts while protecting workers' rights, health, and safety. Provisions for health and safety must be enforced to ensure productivity and worker well-being in 24-hour operations.
• Customs and regulatory bodies should streamline procedures to allow for 24-hour clearance of goods, reducing bottlenecks and making Ghana a more attractive destination for international shipping lines.

1. Ensure Environmental Sustainability

• Continuous operations in sectors such as fishing and oil and gas can strain marine ecosystems. Regulatory agencies like the EPA should enforce stricter monitoring and compliance measures to mitigate the environmental risks associated with round-the-clock operations.
• Investing in renewable energy solutions such as offshore wind farms can help meet the energy demands of a 24-hour economy while contributing to Ghana’s sustainability goals.

1. Develop Human Capital

• A 24-hour economy requires a skilled workforce capable of handling modern logistics, maritime security, and environmental management. The government, in partnership with educational institutions and the private sector, should invest in training programs that equip workers with the skills necessary for 24-hour operations, particularly in technical and managerial roles.
• Provisions for nighttime workers must include health benefits, adequate rest periods, and safety measures to mitigate the risks associated with shift work.

1. Leverage the 24-Hour Economy for Economic Recovery

• At a time when Ghana needs to increase production and improve export capabilities, the 24-hour economy could be a bold policy to embrace. It can help reduce the trade deficits and boost revenues, making it easier for Ghana to settle its debts and stabilize inflation.
• The creation of new jobs, especially for the youth, can address one of Ghana’s most pressing socio-economic challenges, reducing unemployment and increasing domestic consumption.
  In conclusion, the 24-hour economy is not only a forward-thinking strategy but a necessary policy for Ghana to embrace at this critical point in its economic development.

Through enhancing productivity, expanding trade capacity, and creating jobs, Ghana can accelerate its path toward economic stability and growth. The global success of 24-hour economies shows that Ghana can significantly benefit by adopting this model, especially in its blue economy sectors, positioning the country as a leading player in West African maritime trade. The challenges are significant, but with proper investments, strong policy frameworks, and a commitment to sustainability, the 24-hour economy could very well be the game changer that Ghana needs to transform its economic future.