Some parents in Kenya take the secret of their HIV status to their graves, leaving their children ignorant and unwell. Brian Omondi, who was born with HIV, started taking anti-retroviral (ARV) pills when he was 10. However, it was not until he was 14 when his mother had died that he realised what the pills were for. Now 22 and an HIV activist working with a church group, he says his condition was not picked up at birth. During his early years growing up in the coastal city of Mombasa he remembers being unwell: "I was sick most of the time but the condition worsened, so my mum decided that I should get tested. "That is when I tested positive and started taking the ARVs, but my mum never told me why I was taking those drugs." It was when he went to live with his aunt, after his mother died, that neighbours in the close-knit community got wind of his HIV status and his peers began mocking him. Parents will often warn their children about playing with those who have HIV. "I remember this girl in high school, we met in person and she addressed me as: 'You HIV person.' This hurt me."

Night medication

Although adolescents and young people account for the bulk of new HIV infections in Kenya and sub-Saharan Africa, the majority of those born with it are living with the condition secretly. Some of the patients are forced to keep their medication a secret and, like Mr Omondi, opt to take their tablets at night. Winnie Orende, now 27, describes the shock of discovering she had HIV when she was 12 years old. "When I lost my mum, after two months, my doctor called my [older] sister and asked that I go to hospital alone and see him," she says. Some of the patients are forced to keep their medication a secret and, like Mr Omondi, opt to take their tablets at night. Winnie Orende, now 27, describes the shock of discovering she had HIV when she was 12 years old. "When I lost my mum, after two months, my doctor called my [older] sister and asked that I go to hospital alone and see him," she says. The doctor knew that her mother had died of Aids - and wanted to check to test her for HIV. The test was positive. "At that age, I was so confused. I had never had sex before; I am not a prostitute, so how could I have HIV?" To make matters worse for her, she was the youngest of her siblings and the only one to have contracted the virus from her mother. "I wondered why me? Because the worst thing is that I am the only one in a family of four who is living with the virus. This really affected me for some time."

'The whole school knew I had HIV'

She refused to accept her diagnosis until she was admitted to hospital on several occasions. Her doctor then informed the head teacher at her school about her condition to explain that she would sometimes be absent for school to undergo tests. Campaigners feel Kenya needs to be more open about discussing HIV Unfortunately other teachers were told and soon the whole school knew that she was HIV-positive, and the taunting began - something that continues to this day. "I face stigma from the community where I stay here in Kongowea, Mombasa. The problem started when they knew my status. People were just calling me names," said Ms Orende, who currently works as a volunteer at a health centre where she counsels HIV patients. "I felt bad. It would have been better if they told me about my status, rather than another person telling me about it. I wanted to kill myself, but then I realised that even if I killed myself, my sister would suffer. So I stopped having suicidal thoughts." Campaigners want to change attitudes and are calling for better sex education and more information to be shared about HIV in Kenya where conversations on such topics are often stifled by conservative religious groups. Dr Griffins Mang'uro says it is also important for guardians to be more open and tell children their HIV status - when they are between the ages of nine and 11. "As soon as a child understands what HIV is, what disease is, then that is the right age to break the news to them that they are infected and that they need to take medication. "The thing is, as soon as a child takes any medication then they should know that they are HIV-positive and they are taking medication for HIV. He warns that to leave them in the dark also puts them at risk as they may not take the medication properly. "Or they might grow resentful in future because they were not told early."

Babies and HIV

Mother-to-child transmission is common in Kenya but numbers are going down as pregnant women are being urged to attend a clinic where they will be automatically tested for HIV. If positive, they will be asked to give birth in hospital. For four to six weeks their baby will receive a medicine called zidovudine, which will reduce the likelihood of HIV transmission. According to Kenya's National Aids Control Council, between 2012 and 2017 this led to a 38% reduction in the number of new child HIV infections. If after six weeks a baby is confirmed with HIV, they are switched to a combination of ARV drugs that they will have to take for life to stop the virus from destroying the immune system. Mr Omondi says that he does not blame his mother for not being upfront with him. "I think she could have been open with me but on the other hand I cannot blame her because she was trying to protect me at that age." But he says until attitudes change, people who were born with HIV live in fear of being judged by others, making socialising and finding friends and partners difficult. "It is hard! You find that you will be stigmatising yourself, you will be asking yourself some questions like: 'If these people find out about my status how will they take me? How will they treat me?'"